Chocolate Timeline

600

Culture and Cocoa A. D. 6oo the Mayas undertook a massive migration which led this highly civilised people from Central America deep into the northern regions of South America . In Yucatan they established the earliest known cocoa plantations. There is no doubt, however, that the Mayas must have been familiar with cocoa several centuries earlier.

1000

Beans and Figures From the very early days of cocoa the peoples of Central America used beans as a form of payment. The use of cocoa beans as units of calculation must a1so have become established before A.D. 1000. One Zontli equalled 400 cocoa beans, while 8ooo beans equalled one Xiquipilli. In Mexican picture scripts a basket with 8000 beans represents the figure 8000.

1200

Chocolate War By subjugating the Chimimeken and the Mayas, the Aztecs strengthened their supremacy in Mexico . Records dating from this period include details of deliveries of cocoa which were imposed as tributes on conquered tribes.

1502

Columbus and the Cocoa Bean On his fourth voyage to America , Columbus landed on 30th July 1502 in Nicaragua and was the first European to discover cocoa beans. These were used by the natives as currency and also in the preparation of a delightful drink. But Columbus, who was still searching for the sea route to India , was not interested in cocoa.

1513

Payment in Beans Hernando de Oviedo y Valdez , who went to America in 1513 as a member of Pedrarias Avila's expedition, reports that he bought a slave for 100 cocoa beans.

1519

A Spanish Bank Hernando Cortez, who conquered part of Mexico in 1519, finds the taste of cocoa not particularly pleasant and is, therefore, much more interested in the value of cocoa as a means of payment. He immediately establishes in the name of Spain a cocoa plantation where, henceforth, "money" will be cultivated.

1528

Sweet Plunder In 1528, Cortez brings back to Europe the first cocoa and the utensils necessary for its preparation.

1609

The first Chocology "Libro en el cual se trata del chocolate" is the title of a book which appeared in Mexico in 1609. It is the first book devoted entirely to the subject of chocolate.

1615

Fruitful Marriage The Spanish princess Anna of Austria marries Louis XIII and introduces, amongst other Spanish customs, the drinking of chocolate at the French court.

1657

A Frenchman in London London 's first chocolate shop is opened by a Frenchman in 1657.

1662

A Solomon of Chocolate After Pope Pius V had found cocoa so unpleasant that he declared, in 1569, that "this drink does not break the fast", the supreme church of Rome became more and more tolerant towards the exquisite beverage. The question of the fast took on a new urgency. In 1662, Cardinal Brancaccio hands down the judgment of Solomon: "Liquidum non frangit jejunum." In other words: "Liquids (in the form of chocolate) do not break the fast." Clearly, one had to wait until Easter to indulge in the eating of chocolate.

1670

The Fate of a Seaman Helmsman Pedro Bravo do los Camerinos decides that he has had enough of Christian voyages of exploration and settles in the Philippines , where he spends the rest of his life planting cocoa, thus laying the foundations for one of the great plantations of that time.

1671

Blissful Accident A clumsy kitchen-boy drops a bowlful of almonds on the floor. The angry chef tries to box his ears and, in the process, spills a panful of hot, burnt sugar over the almonds. The Duke of Plesslis-Praslin, a marshal who is renowned as a gourmet, is waiting for his dessert. "What now?" thinks his personal chef and, in desperation, serves the marshal with the almonds covered with a coating of cooled sugar. The guest is delighted with the novel dessert and promptly gives his name to the new sweet. Not, however, the full name, but simply "Praslin". Since then this sweet has undergone many changes, including the development of the modern term "praline" from the original name.

1674

Roll Call "At the Coffee Mill and Tobacco Roll" was the name of a famous London coffee-house where, as early as 1674, one could enjoy chocolate in cakes and rolls "in the Spanish style".

1677

A Royal Decree On the strength of a royal decree dated 1st November 1677 , Brazil - later to achieve an important position in the world market - establishes in the State of Par the first cocoa plantations.

1697

Premiere in Zurich Heinrich Escher, the mayor of Zurich , visits Brussels where he drinks chocolate and returns to his home town with tidings of the new sweet drink.

1704

Chocolate Tax Towards the end the 17th century, chocolate makes its appearance in Ger- many. The policy of restricting the importation of foreign produce leads Frederick I of Prussia to impose a tax on chocolate in 1704. Anyone wishing to pay homage to its pleasures has to pay two thalers for a permit.

1711

Chocolate Migration Emperor Charles VI transfers his court from Madrid to Vienna in 1711. With the court, chocolate moves in by via the blue Danube .

1720

Chocolateers As early as 1720, the coffee-houses of Florence and Venice are offering chocolate whose reputation reaches far beyond the country's borders. Italian chocolateers, well versed in the art of making chocolate, are, therefore, welcome visitors in France , Germany and Switzerland .

1747

No Hawkers In the year 1747, Frederick the Great forbids all manner of hawking, especially the hawking of chocolate.

1755

Last but not Least America , in those days not yet the land of plenty, learns of chocolate relatively late, in fact, not until 1755.

1780

First Factory About the year 1780, the first machine-made chocolate is produced in Barcelona .

1792

Two from the Grisons in Berlin The Josty brothers from the Grisons made a major contribution to the reputation of Swiss chocolate in Germany . In 1792 they open a confectioner's shop and chocolate factory in Berlin . Eberty, the historian, sings the praises of their products: "Everything which one got at Josty's was excellent, and the chocolate really first rate."

1797

Cautious Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe does not have much confidence in the Swiss hotel industry. For his tour of Switzerland in 1797 he includes in his luggage chocolate and a chocolate pot.

1810

Toy of the League Venezuela 's leading position in the production of cocoa is established. A survey in the year 1810 shows that this country produces half the world's requirements. One third of the world's entire cocoa production is consumed by the Spaniards.

1819

Pioneers The first Swiss chocolate factory is set up in a former mill near Vevey. The founder, Fran‡ois-Louis Cailler, had learned the secrets of the chocolate making trade in Italy .

1822

Ornamental Plant The Portuguese Jos Ferreira Gomes introduces the cocoa tree as an ornamental plant on the small island of Principe in the Gulf of Guinea off the west coast of Africa .

1857

The Swiss in Africa Under the encouragement of the Portuguese Baron of Agua Iz, the cultivation of cocoa passes from Principe on the neighbouring island of Sao Thome, and from there to the African continent. In Ghana , the members of the Basle Mission promote it successfully. Surprisingly quickly, the many small and medium farmers develop the country into one of the most important producers.

1875

With Milk After eight years of experiment, the Swiss Daniel Peter puts the first milk chncolate on the market in 1875.

1879

Melting Sweetness Rodolphe Lindt of Berne produces chocolate which melts on the tongue for the first time in the year 1879.

1900

Changes in Leadership Spain , formerly the classic land of chocolate, falls far behind. Germany takes the lead in consumption per head, followed by the United States , France and Great Britain . In just a decade or two another country will be playing first violin in the orchestra of the chocolate nations - Switzerland . The reputation of Swiss chocolate, bolstered by an unbroken series of medals at international exhibitions, has not only fallen upon the ears of foreigners. It has also conquered Swiss palates. Like bratwurst, rosti and fondue, chocolate has become a national dish.